Yes, it is the status of Untouchable or Dalit castes in India and African-Americans in 2022 and the Slavery period i.e. 1776 until 1865- Dr. Suryaraju Mattimalla.

You can see the status of Negroes or African Americans in the slavery period or Reconstruction era between 1776 and 1865 with scientific evidence. At least 250 million untouchables are witness to their everyday persecution at the hands of non-Dalit or touchable castes and religious people in the Indian subcontinent from today (May 24, 2022) till covering the 21^st and 20^th massacres against India’s untouchables and the 18^th and 19th-century violence against Negroes in America.

Dalit tortured, forced to eat human faeces
Read more at:
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/42945561.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

Tamil Nadu dalit man says force-fed human excreta by non-dal ..

Brick kiln owner held for ‘making Dalit labourer eat human excreta’

The labourer, Sunil Anil Pawale (22), who is from the Scheduled Caste Matang community, has lodged the first information report (FIR) in this case at the Hinjewadi police station.

https://indianexpress.com/article/india/brick-kiln-owner-held-making-dalit-labourer-eat-human-excreta-5629175/

India's 'Untouchables' Are Still Being Forced to Collect Human Waste by Hand

https://time.com/3172895/dalits-sewage-untouchables-hrs-human-waste-india-caste/

Dalit forced to eat homan excreta, urine in MP

https://www.oneindia.com/2006/08/08/dalit-forced-to-eat-homan-excreta-urine-in-mp-1155102889.html

'Holy' Cow And 'Unholy' Dalit

The bovine becomes divine, the cow becomes 'mother', the untouchables get dehumanised. .

https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/holy-cow-and-unholy-dalit/217815

Dalits Are Still Threatened, Abused, Beaten & Killed For Absurd Reasons. Yes, It’s 2018. https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/dalits-are-still-threatened-abused-beaten-killed-for-absurd-reasons-yes-it-s-2018_-348255.html

Over 1.3 lakh(one hundred thirty thousand) cases of crime against Dalits since 2018; UP, Bihar, Rajasthan top charts

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/139000-cases-of-crime-against-dalits-since-2018/articleshow/88019445.cms

MLC Udaya Bhaskar sent to prison on 14-day remand in Dalit youth murder case

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/mlc-udaya-bhaskar-sent-to-prison-on-14-day-remand-in-dalit-youth-murder-case/article65455906.ece

Hyderabad honour killing: What happened on the day when a Dalit man was killed by his Muslim wife's family, https://www.outlookindia.com/topic/honour-killings

Love In The Crosshairs: Honour Killings Still Continue In India https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-love-in-the-crosshairs-honour-killings-still-continue-in-india/305349

Stolen glances to stolen lives: Stories behind the ‘honour killings’ of Rajasthan, Haryana

https://theprint.in/features/stolen-glances-to-stolen-lives-stories-behind-the-honour-killings-of-rajasthan-haryana/893651/

Kasturi’s mother at her home in Keeramangalam, a month after her daugther’s murder https://www.firstpost.com/long-reads/in-tamil-nadu-anatomy-of-a-caste-crime-families-devastated-by-honour-killings-speak-of-the-scourge-7033391.html

For One Of India's Most Brazen “Honour Killings”, Justice Denied

https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/for-one-of-indias-most-brazen-honour-killings-justice-denied-2252889

https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/columnists/150320/caste-kills-more-in-india-than-coronavirus.html

Untouchability Rife in Odisha Village

https://www.videovolunteers.org/untouchability-rife-in-odisha-village/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwhLKUBhDiARIsAMaTLnGfB7PJzx2ucZGaby2sHY0DuvuUYBWahi5ElSkEmwB2VApSmcjfTYoaAmGWEALw_wcB

HOW DO WE TACKLE CASTE DISCRIMINATION?

https://www.childrenontheedge.org/castediscrmination.html?gclid=Cj0KCQjwhLKUBhDiARIsAMaTLnGI7OFTwrdoq1qRTAr6c-iY5lUoYDgf43UH2Qq0T_iuxIIpcs8ETFUaAr4IEALw_wcB

India's 'Black untouchables' still fighting for social justice

https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/indias-black-untouchables-still-fighting-for-social-justice/2499850

Why the West is reckoning with caste bias now

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-61241849

Pope Francis canonizes Indian man who struggled against caste

https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/05/16/india-vatican-saint-caste-devasahayam/

ASIA/INDIA - Crimes against the Dalit increase: alarm of the Church

http://www.fides.org/en/news/63072-ASIA_INDIA_Crimes_against_the_Dalit_increase_alarm_of_the_Church

Caste-related violence in India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste-related_violence_in_India

21st century

2006	Bant Singh case	Punjab	On the evening of 5 January 2006, Bant Singh, a Mazhabi Sikh, was attacked by unknown assailants. His injuries necessitated medical amputation. He alleges that this was in retaliation for actively working to secure justice for his daughter, who was gang raped by upper caste members of his village in Punjab five years earlier.^[22][23]
2000	Kambalapalli incident	Karnataka	On 11 March 2000, seven Dalits were locked in a house and burnt alive by an upper-caste Reddy mob in Kambalapalli, Kolar district of Karnataka state. The Civil Rights Enforcement (CRE) Cell investigation revealed deep-rooted animosity between the Dalits and the upper-castes as the reason for the violence.[25] The witnesses in the case, many of whom had narrowly escaped with their lives, had turned hostile during the trial in a lower court, resulting in a similar acquittal in 2006. Immediately after that verdict was delivered, many of the witnesses told the media that they backtracked because of threats from upper-caste groups.[26] A subsequent plea for a retrial was rejected by the High Court.[27] A division bench of Karnataka High Court acquitted all 46 accused in August 2014. The bench headed by Justice Mohan Shantanagoudar held that a conviction would be "pre-judicial" to the interest of the accused given that 14 years had passed since the incident and all the 22 eyewitnesses had since turned hostile. The court also observed that the investigating police officer and some of the eyewitnesses were not cross-examined properly.
2006	Khairlanji massacre	Maharashtra	On September 29, 2006, four members of the Bhotmange family belonging to the Mahar community were killed by a mob of 40 people belonging to the Maratha Kunbi caste. The incident happened in Kherlanji, a small village in Bhandara district of Maharashtra. The Mahars are Dalit, while the Kunbi are classified as an Other Backward Class by the Indian government. The Bhotmanges were stripped naked and paraded to the village square by a mob of 40 people. The sons were ordered to rape their mother and sister, and when they refused, their genitals were mutilated before they were murdered.[29] An initial call to the police was ignored, and a search for the bodies was deliberately delayed 2 days. The bodies were found in a canal, and due to the length of time the bodies were in the water, much of the physical evidence was contaminated or destroyed.[30] The subsequent police and political inaction led to protests from Dalits. After allegations of a cover-up, the case was transferred to the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).[31] Maharashtra's home minister and Indian National Congress leader R. R. Patil claimed that the Dalit protests were motivated by extremist elements. A government report on the killings implicated top police officers, autopsy doctors and the local BJP MLA Madhukar Kukde for covering-up.[31] A local court convicted 8 people, sentencing 6 of them to death and the other 2 to life.[32] However, the death sentences were later commuted to life by the Nagpur bench of the Bombay High Court. The High Court declared that the murders were motivated by revenge, not caste.[31]
2006	2006 Dalit protests	Maharashtra	In November–December 2006, the vandalism of an Ambedkar statue in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, triggered violent protests by Dalits in Maharashtra. Several people remarked that the protests were fueled by the Khairlanji massacre.[33] During the violent protests, the Dalit protestors set 3 trains on fire, damaged over 100 buses, and clashed with police[34] At least 4 deaths and many more injuries were reported.[35][36]
2008	Gurjar agitation in Rajasthan	Rajasthan	In the Indian province of Rajasthan, between the years 1999 and 2002, crimes against Dalits average at about 5024 a year, with 46 killings and 138 cases of rape.[37][38]
2011	Mirchpur Dalit killings incident	Haryana	In 2010, at Mirchpur, a Valmiki community colony of Dalits, a 2 year old dog allegedly barked at some 10 to 15 drunk boys from the Jat community who rode on motorcycles in front of the house of Jai Prakash. One of the Jat boys, Rajinder Pali, hurled a brick at the dog, causing a young Dalit to object. A physical fight ensued between them and the Jat boys threatened dire consequences. Later, two Valmiki elders named Veer Bhan and Karan Singh apologised to Jat elders but were beaten by them. On 21 April 2010, the Dalits met away from Mirchpur by arrangement with the police to achieve a compromise.[39] In their absence, 300 to 400 Jat men[40] and women went to Mirchpur, ransacked houses for jewels, cash and clothes, and then set the homes ablaze with Dalit women and children inside.[41] This led to death by burning of 70-year-old Tara Chand and his 18-year-old physically challenged daughter Suman.[39][42] After this incident, 200 Dalit families left the village fearing for their safety. Only 50 families remained with a group of 75 CRPF personnel deployed in the village.[43] Police named 103 people in the charge sheet out of which 5 were juveniles.[44] In September 2011, 15 people were convicted and 82 acquitted by a Sessions Court.[45] The CRPF presence was withdrawn in December 2016. In January 2017, Shiv Kumar a 17-year-old Dalit boy (also a district-level athlete) won a cash prize of Rs 1,500 in the cycle-stunt competition at a local playground.[46] A group of youths from the upper caste Jats [47] allegedly passing casteist remarks against him which led to a fight where nine Dalit youths, aged between 14 and 25, were severely injured. After this incident remaining 40 Dalit families also left the village.[48] On 24 August 2018, in a landmark judgement[49] Delhi High Court reversed the acquittal of 20 accused and upheld the conviction of 13 others in the case with enhanced punishment for nine of them.[50][51] A bench of justices S. Muralidhar and I S Mehta said: The incidents of April 21, 2010 constituted an act of deliberate targeting of Balmiki houses by Jats, setting them on fire in a pre-planned and carefully orchestrated manner. It was pursuant to a conspiracy by the Jats to ‘teach the Balmikis a lesson’.[52] Muralidhar noted that atrocities by those belonging to dominant castes against Scheduled Castes have shown no sign of abating even after 71 years of Indian independence.[53] After the verdict, two police companies were deployed in Mirchpur under the charge of duty magistrate and DSP.[54] The next day, witnesses in the case did not step out for work fearing backlash of the verdict.[55]
2012	Dharmapuri violence	Tamil Nadu	In December 2012 approximately 268 dwellings – huts, tiled-roof and one or two-room concrete houses of Dalits of the Adi Dravida community near Naikkankottai in Dharmapuri district of western Tamil Nadu were torched by the higher-caste Vanniyar. The victims have alleged that ‘systematic destruction’ of their properties and livelihood resources has taken place.[56] In December 2012, in case of caste violence, two men named Akbar Ali and Mustafa Ansari were beaten by Muslims.[57]
2013	Marakkanam violence	Tamil Nadu	In April 2013, violence broke out between the villagers along East Coast Road near Marakkanam and those travelling to Vanniyar dominant caste gathering at Mamallapuram. A mob indulged in setting fire to houses, 4 buses of TNSTC and PRTC. 3 people were injured in police firing. Traffic was closed in ECR for a day.[58]
2015	Dalit violence in Dangawas	Rajasthan, Nagaur district	On Thursday, May 14, 2015, clashes between Jats and Dalits in Dangawas village of Rajasthan's Nagaur district left 4 people dead and 13 injured.[59]
2016	Violence following the suicide of Rohith Vemula	Hyderabad	The suicide of Rohith Vemula, of Central University of Hyderabad, on 18 January 2016 sparked protests and outrage from across India and gained widespread media attention as an alleged case of discrimination against Dalits and backward classes in India in which elite educational institutions have been purportedly seen as an enduring vestige of caste-based discrimination against students belonging to "backward classes".
2016	Ariyalur gang rape case	Tamil Nadu	On December 2016, a Hindu Munnani Union Secretary and three of his accomplices gang-raped, and murdered a 17-year-old minor Dailt girl in Keezhamaligai village, Ariyalur district.[60] The police revealed that the Hindu Munnani functionary was irritated over the lower-caste dalit girl who insisted to marry her after she got pregnant with him.[61] The men also pulled out the fetus from her womb.[62] Later, her body was found in decomposed state in a well with her hands tied, stripped of all jewelry and clothes.[63][60]
2017	Saharanpur violence	Uttar Pradesh	Violence broke out between Thakurs and dalits during the procession of Rajput warrior-king Maharana Pratap over the loud music. In the violence one man was killed, 16 were injured, and 25 Dalit houses were burned. The incident was connected to MP Raghav Lakhanpal, BJP member from Saharanpur.[69]
2017	Saharanpur violence	Uttar Pradesh	Violence broke out between Thakurs and dalits during the procession of Rajput warrior-king Maharana Pratap over the loud music. In the violence one man was killed, 16 were injured, and 25 Dalit houses were burned. The incident was connected to MP Raghav Lakhanpal, BJP member from Saharanpur.[69]
2017	Saharanpur violence	Uttar Pradesh	Violence broke out between Thakurs and dalits during the procession of Rajput warrior-king Maharana Pratap over the loud music. In the violence one man was killed, 16 were injured, and 25 Dalit houses were burned. The incident was connected to MP Raghav Lakhanpal, BJP member from Saharanpur.[69]
2018	Bhima Koregaon violence	Maharashtra, Pune	This event was an attack on visitors during an annual celebratory gathering at Bhima Koregaon to mark the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Bhima Koregaon victory. Later, a think tank called Forum for Integrated National Security (FINS), mainly consisting of retired army officers, released a report on the Bhima Koregaon riots. The report absolved the Hindu leaders Milind Ekbote and Sambhaji Bhide from direct involvement. Instead, it blamed the Maoists (ultra left-wing organisations) for instigating the Dalit activists. It also blamed the Maharashtra Police for "apathy" and overlooking evidence.[71][72][73]
2018	April caste protests in India
2018	Kachanatham temple incident	Tamil Nadu	On 28 May 2018, dominant-caste Hindus were “enraged” that Dalits did not present temple honours to an upper-caste family, and a Dalit man sat cross-legged in front of upper-caste men. Dominant caste members also were enraged when Dalits protested the sale of marijuana in the area by people from a neighbouring village and intimidated and threatened the Dalits.[74] When the Dalit caste protested the intimidation and threats from the dominant castes in the village with the local police in retaliation a gang of 15 dominant caste members raided the Dalit village at night attacking people indiscriminately killing three and injuring six.[75]
2019	Lynching of Jagmael Singh	Punjab, India	On 7 November 2019, a Dalit Punjabi man, namely Jagmael Singh was kidnapped, tortured, and forced to drink urine after which he died in Sangrur.[81] He was kidnapped and tortured by 4 men of the upper-caste Punjabi community over the matter of caste status.[82]
2020	Hathras gang rape & murder	Uttar Pradesh, Hathras district	In September 2020, a dalit girl in Hathras district of Uttar Pradesh was allegedly murdered by 4 men from Thakur caste. According to victim's family, the girl was gang raped by Thakurs of the Village and in order to eliminate the evidences her backbone was broken and the tongue was cut by the perpetrators. The girl has confessed the same on a video shot inside the Hospital. The Police secretly burned her dead body at midnight without conducting any Post Mortem Test. <ref>Suresh, Nidhi (29 September 2020). "Ground report: Dalit girl assaulted in UP's Hathras succumbs to injuries". Newslaundry. Retrieved 2 October 2020.

20th century

1968	Kilvenmani massacre	Tamil Nadu	Massacre on 25 December 1968 in which a group of 44 Dalit village labourers who were on strike for higher wages were murdered by a gang, sent by their landlords.
1985	Karamchedu massacre	Andhra Pradesh, Karamchedu	This massacre occurred on 17 July 1985, when madiga-caste dalits were killed by the Kamma caste people in 1985. Many people lost their lives in the incident.[8]
1990s	Violence by Ranvir Sena	Bihar	Ranvir Sena is a militia group based in Bihar. The group is based amongst the higher-caste landlords, and carries out actions against the outlawed naxals in rural areas. It has committed violent acts against Dalits and other members of the scheduled caste community in an effort to prevent their land from going to them. [9]
1991	Tsundur massacre	Andhra Pradesh, Tsundur	The village became infamous for the killing of 8 dalits on the 6 August 1991, when a mob of over 300 people, composed of mainly Reddys and Telagas chased down the victims along the bund of an irrigation canal. This happened after police department asked locals to go aggressive against large number of eve teasing outsiders entering village. In the trial which was concluded, 21 people were sentenced to life imprisonment and 35 others to a year of rigorous imprisonment and a penalty of Rs. 2,000 each, on the 31 July 2007, by special judge established for the purpose under the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act.
1996	Bathani Tola massacre	Bihar	21 Dalits were killed by the Ranvir Sena in Bathani Tola, Bhojpur in Bihar on 11 July 1996.[11] Among the dead were 11 women, six children and three infants. Ranvir Sena mob killed women and children in particular with the intention of deterring any future resistance which they foresaw. [9] Six members of Naimuddin Ansari's family were slaughtered by Ranvir Sena according to a witness statement. The FIR[clarification needed] was lodged against 33 persons the day after the massacre. Niammuddin was a bangle-seller at the time of the carnage, whose 3 month old daughter was killed. Widespread claims suggest they were killed by Ranvir Sena aggressors. Naimuddin's 7 year son Saddam was attacked and his face was mutilated by sword lacerations. On 17 April 2012, the Patna High Court acquitted 23 men convicted of the murders. A Division bench of judges Navneeti Prasad Singh and Ashwani Kumar Singh cited "defective evidence" to acquit all of them.[9][11] The next day, the Bihar State SC/ST Welfare Minister Jitan Ram Manjhi stated that the NDA-led Government (under Nitish Kumar) had decided to move to Supreme court challenging the Patna HC Order.[12] A Ranvir Sena sympathizer, who spoke to the Hindu correspondent Shoumojit Banerjee, justified the reactionary mobilisation of the upper castes against those Naxals. "The land is ours. The crops belong to us. The labourers did not want to work, and also hampered our efforts by burning our machines and imposing economic blockades. So, they had it coming."[9] Following the Bathani Tola carnage, there were several retaliatory naxal attacks killing at least 500 upper caste civilians [13] as well as attacks on Dalits and Labourers organized by the Ranvir Sena in Laxmanpur Bathe and Sankarbigha in which 81 Dalits were killed.[9] The Counsel for the witness, Anand Vatsyayan, expressed being shocked at the High Court verdict and reportedly said that "sufficient evidence were at hand to uphold the judgement passed by the Ara sessions court. The Supreme Court guidelines in the event of a massacre are quite clear. The eyewitnesses need not remember all the names. Moreover, of the six prime witnesses questioned in this case, all had conclusively pointed fingers at the persons convicted by the lower court.[11]
1997	Melavalavu massacre	Tamil Nadu, Madurai district	In the village of Melavalavu, in Tamil Nadu's Madurai district, following the election of a Dalit to the village council presidency, members of caste Hindus (Kallar) group murdered of six Dalits in June 1996.[15] Melur panchayat, which was a general constituency, was declared a reserved constituency in 1996. This had caused resentment between Scheduled Caste people and Kallar (Ambalakarar) community. In the 1996 panchayat elections, Murugesan was elected president.[16] In June 1996, a group of persons attacked Murugesan, vice-president Mookan and others with deadly weapons, resulting in the death of six persons and injuries to many others. A total of 40 persons were cited as accused in the case. The trial court convicted Alagarsamy and 16 others and sentenced them to undergo life imprisonment. On appeal, the High Court by its judgment dated April 19, 2006, confirmed the trial court's order. Alagarsamy and others filed appeals against this judgment.[16]
1997	Laxmanpur Bathe massacre	Bihar	On 1 December 1997, Ranvir Sena gunned down 58 Dalits at Laxmanpur Bathe, Jehanabad, in retaliation for the Bara massacre in Gaya where 37 upper castes were killed. In particular, a specific Bhumihar community was targeted in retaliation for their opposition towards handing out their land for land reform. Charges were framed in the Laxmanpur-Bathe case on 23 December 2008 against 46 Ranvir Sena members for killing Dalits, including 27 women and 10 children men.[17][18] On 7 April 2010, the trial court at Patna convicted all 26 accused. 16 were sentenced to death and the other 10 were each give life imprisonment and fines of Rs. 50,000.[17][18] Around 91 of 152 witnesses in the case had deposed before the court.[17] On 9 October 2013, the Patna High Court suspended the conviction of all 26 accused, saying the prosecution had produced no evidence to guarantee any punishment at all.[18]
1997	Ramabai killings	Mumbai	On 11 July 1997, a statue of B.R. Ambedkar in the Dalit colony of Ramabai was desecrated by unknown individuals. An initially peaceful protest was fired on by the police, killing ten people, including a bystander who had not been involved in the protests. Later in the day, 26 people were injured when the police carried out a lathi charge against the protesters. Commentators suggested that the arbitrarily violent response from the police had been the result of caste based prejudice, as the leader of the team stood accused in multiple cases involving caste-based discrimination.[19]
1999	Bhungar Khera incident	Abohar, Punjab	In January 1999 four members of the village panchayat of Bhungar Khera village in Abohar paraded a handicapped Dalit woman, Ramvati Devi, naked through the village. No action was taken by the police, despite local Dalit protests. It was only on July 20 that the four panchayat members and the head Ramesh Lal were arrested, after the State Home Department was compelled to order an inquiry into the incident.[21]

34 Documented Mass Lynchings During the Reconstruction Era

Mobile County, Alabama, 1865

White mobs kill an estimated 138 Black people over the course of several months.

Duplin County, North Carolina, 1865

Six Black men lynched after demanding that a white landowner pay them for their work.

Memphis, Tennessee, 1865

Approximately 20 Black Union soldiers attacked and killed.

Bell County, Texas, 1866

Violent attacks by the Ku Klux Klan leave approximately seven Black people dead.

Pine Bluff, Arkansas, March 1866

Twenty-four emancipated Black men, women, and children living in a refugee camp are found dead, hanging from trees.

Memphis, Tennessee, May 1866

White mobs attack the Black community, killing at least 46 people and destroying homes, schools, churches, and businesses.

New Orleans, Louisiana, July 1866

White mobs attack advocates marching for Black voting rights, killing an estimated 33 Black people.

Millican, Texas, July 1868

An estimated 150 Black people are killed by armed white mobs.

Camilla, Georgia, September 1868

White mobs attack Black residents gathered to protest political disenfranchisement, killing at least seven Black people.

Opelousas, Louisiana, September 1868

An estimated 200 Black people are killed over several days after attempting to participate in the political process.

Caddo Parish, Louisiana, October 1868

At least 53 Black people are killed by white mobs wielding racial violence to suppress the Black vote.

New Orleans, Louisiana, October 1868

White mob attacks and kills 14 Black men on Canal Street.

St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana, October 1868

White mobs attack Black community to discourage voting, killing at least 35 Black people.

Algiers, New Orleans, Louisiana, October 1868

White mobs use violence to suppress the Black vote, killing at least seven Black people.

Bossier Parish, Louisiana, October 1868

White mobs terrorize the Black community in widespread attacks leading up to election day, killing at least 162 Black people.

McDuffie County, Georgia, November 1868

A Black man named Perry Jeffreys, his wife, and four of their sons are attacked and lynched by white mobs targeting Mr. Jeffreys for voting.

Moore County, North Carolina, February 1869

After a Black man named Daniel Blue testifies against white men accused of racial violence, a white mob attacks his home and lynches his wife and five children.

Henderson, Texas, April 1869

A white mob hangs five Black men—including two preachers—on the public square outside the courthouse without trial.

Tiptonville, Tennessee, November 1869

White mob seizes five Black men from jail and lynches them without trial.

Eutaw, Alabama, November 1870

White mobs attack a political meeting of Black residents and white allies, killing four Black people.

Harrodsburg, Kentucky, August 1870

White mobs violently suppress the Black vote, lynching four Black people.

Union County, South Carolina, 1871

White mobs lynch up to 12 Black men during rampant Klan terrorism.

Colfax, Louisiana, April 1873

White mobs kill at least 150 Black people in violence intended to disenfranchise Black voters and restore white supremacy.

Grant Parish, Louisiana, November 1873

White mob lynches six Black men without trial.

Bryan, Texas, March 1874

White mob lynches six Black men without trial.

Trenton, Tennessee, August 1874

White mob abducts 16 Black men from jail and lynches them without trial.

New Orleans, Louisiana, September 1874

Three days of violence leaves 11 dead after White League terrorist organization attempts to overthrow Louisiana’s Reconstruction government in so-called Battle of Liberty Place.

Eufaula, Alabama, November 1874

Armed white men attack Black voters at the polls on election day, killing at least six Black people.

Vicksburg, Mississippi, December 1874

When Black residents organize to protest the removal of an elected Black sheriff, white mobs attack and kill an estimated 50 Black people.

Clinton, Mississippi, September 1875

Armed white mobs attack the Black community after a political meeting, killing an estimated 50 Black people.

West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana, May 1876

White mobs lynch at least 17 Black people in violent effort to suppress the Black vote.

Edgefield County, South Carolina, May 1876

White mob lynches six Black men without trial.

Hamburg, South Carolina, July 1876

In violence leading up to election day, a white mob attacks Black men stationed at the National Guard Armory, killing at least six.

East Feliciana Parish, Louisiana, 1875-1876

White mobs lynch at least 30 Black people in racialized attacks over several months.

Racial Terror and Reconstruction: A State Snapshot

Alabama

EJI has documented nearly 200 Reconstruction-era victims of Alabama racial violence, including those lynched, assaulted, raped, or killed throughout the state and including victims killed in massacres in Mobile, Barbour, and Greene counties. Perpetrators and supporters of this violence were never prosecuted. Some went on to hold elected office, including Governor George Houston, for whom Houston County is named, and Governor Braxton Bragg Comer.¹⁵⁰

Arkansas

After the Civil War’s end, many Black people who had fled slavery during the war were homeless, living in abandoned Union soldier camps or other makeshift settlements. In March 1866, after a disagreement between former Confederate soldiers and emancipated Black people living in a refugee camp near Pine Bluff, the camp was burned down and 24 Black men, women, and children were found dead, hanging from trees.¹⁵¹

Delaware

In 1865, Delaware legislators refused to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery and Governor Gove Saulsbury declared that Black people were a “subordinate race.”¹⁵²In 1867, Black Union Army veteran William “Obie” Evans was lynched in Leipsic in Kent County after being accused of burning down a white man’s barn. Later reports acknowledged his likely innocence.¹⁵³

Florida

Many Black men killed in Reconstruction violence in Florida were targeted for exercising their political rights. In Columbia County in 1869, a politically active Black man named Lisher Johnson was abducted by a white mob and never seen again, though his hat, shoes, and clothes were found in the woods. The next year in the same county, another Black man named Robert Jones was shot and killed in his home after a white man threatened him for voting for pro-Reconstruction candidates.¹⁵⁴

Georgia

In Georgia, the site of extensive racial violence during Reconstruction, EJI has documented more than 300 acts of murder and other attacks, including the November 1868 massacre of Perry Jeffreys, his wife, and four sons in McDuffie County. After learning that Mr. Jeffreys (or Jeffers) planned to vote for presidential candidate Ulysses S. Grant, white mobs attacked the family, hanged Mrs. Jeffreys and shot and burned one son; days later, they seized Mr. Jeffreys and three sons from a train as they tried to flee and shot them to death in the woods.¹⁵⁵

Illinois

In February 1874, after a white woman was robbed and killed in Carbondale, a Black man named Charles Wyatt deemed “suspicious” for spending a $20 bill was arrested for the crime. As a lynch mob of over 400 white men gathered, authorities moved Mr. Wyatt to Murphysboro, but the mob followed, seized Mr. Wyatt from jail, and hanged him without trial.¹⁵⁶

Indiana

In 1871, George Johnston, Squire Taylor, and a man identified only by the surname Davis were lynched in Clark County. A mob of about 70 white men hanged the three Black men from the same tree after they were accused of killing a white family. Soon after the men were lynched without trial, the press reported evidence that they were innocent.¹⁵⁷

Iowa

In 1850, just four years after Iowa became a state, its legislature passed a law banning settlement by free Black people, mirrored after an act the territorial legislature had passed in 1839. Radical state legislators managed to repeal the law in 1864, but that same year Iowa’s legislative majority rejected a proposed bill to extend voting rights to Black men.¹⁵⁸

Kansas

Luke Barnes, James Ponder, and Lee Watkins—three Black men—were arrested and accused of killing a white man in Ellis County in 1869. Before they could be tried or defended, a white mob seized the men from jail and hanged them from the trestle of the nearby railroad, where they were found dead the next morning.¹⁵⁹

Kentucky

EJI has documented racial violence in at least 37 Kentucky counties. On election day in 1870, violence broke out in Harrodsburg, Mercer County, as white men angered by the presence of Black voters supporting pro-Reconstruction candidates clashed with Black crowds. One white man and four Black people were killed, and 15 to 20 Black people were wounded.¹⁶⁰

Louisiana

During Reconstruction, Louisiana was the site of repeated massacres in places like Colfax, Opelousas, New Orleans, St. Bernard Parish, Orleans Parish, and West Feliciana Parish that killed hundreds of Black people and traumatized countless more in order to suppress Black voting rights.¹⁶¹ EJI has documented more than 1,000 lynchings and other incidents of racial violence in Louisiana during the 12-year Reconstruction period; this exceeds the number of racial terror lynchings documented in the state during the 80-year period that followed Reconstruction.

Maryland

The “border state” of Maryland did not join the Confederacy, but it legally permitted slavery until November 1, 1864, when its new state constitution went into effect. Although the state constitution marked the legal end of slavery, the last enslaved people were likely not freed until the Thirteenth Amendment was ratified in 1865. During Reconstruction, Maryland was the site of violent and sometimes deadly racial terror. In Harford County alone, a Black man named Isaac Moore was lynched in 1868 and a Black man named Jim Quinn was lynched in 1869.¹⁶²

Michigan

In March 1863, just two months after President Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation went into effect, white mobs in Detroit angered by growing migration of freedmen to the city and outraged by the trial of a mixed-race man accused of assault waged violent attacks on the city’s Black community, killing at least one Black man and leaving hundreds of Black people homeless.¹⁶³Anti-Black violence continued in the state during Reconstruction, including the 1866 lynching of John Taylor near Lansing.¹⁶⁴

Mississippi

During Reconstruction, Black people in Mississippi were the targets of repeated massacres, including in Vicksburg in December 1874, where white mobs attacked and killed at least 50 Black citizens who had organized to protest the removal of their elected Black sheriff, Mr. Peter Crosby.¹⁶⁵

Missouri

Many Black people were lynched in Missouri during the Reconstruction era, including George Bryan in Livingston County in 1873; Edmund Moore in Charleston County in 1875; and Raphael Williams in Platte County in 1876.¹⁶⁶

New York

In 1862, in the midst of the Civil War, New York voters elected Governor Horatio Seymour, the “white man’s candidate” and a strong supporter of Southern slavery.¹⁶⁷A year later, a mob of up to 3,000 people lynched a Black man named Robert Mulliner in Newburgh.¹⁶⁸Weeks later, white mobs resentful of the Union draft attacked and killed dozens of Black people in the New York City Draft Riots.¹⁶⁹

North Carolina

The Ku Klux Klan and other white mobs exacted assaults and murder at the slightest allegation during this era. In 1869 in Orange County, after a young Black man named Wright Woods was accused of expressing interest in a young white woman, four white men abducted Mr. Woods from work. He was missing for nearly a week before a neighbor found vultures surrounding his hanging corpse. A note attached to his foot reportedly read: “If the law will not protect virtue, the rope will.”¹⁷⁰

Ohio

In 1865, Ohio voters elected Governor Jacob Dolson Cox, a Union Army General who supported President Andrew Johnson’s limited view of Reconstruction and opposed enforcing voting rights for Black people in the South.¹⁷¹In 1876, a mob of 50 white men lynched a Black man identified only by the name “Ulrey” in Urbana, Champaign County.¹⁷²

Oregon

Oregon’s 1857 constitution banned Black people from living in the state and aimed to prevent the mass migration of freedmen if and when slavery was abolished in the South. The Fourteenth Amendment, ratified in 1868, invalidated this ban but the state did not officially repeal it until 1926.¹⁷³

Pennsylvania

Though Pennsylvania began legally abolishing slavery in 1780, the 1860 census was the first to document no enslaved Black people residing within the state and the issue of racial equality remained controversial during and after the Civil War.¹⁷⁴In 1871, white mobs in Philadelphia terrorized Black communities on election day to discourage voting and killed at least three Black men.¹⁷⁵In 1874, a Black man named Albert Brown was lynched in Bradford County.¹⁷⁶

South Carolina

In 1860, South Carolina was one of only two states in the nation with more enslaved residents than free. It was also the first state to secede from the Union in 1861 and like much of the South, ended the war “grimly determined that freedom would not substantially alter the condition of the former slaves.”¹⁷⁷Racial violence by the Klan and other white mobs grew so widespread and deadly during Reconstruction that it attracted federal investigation, led to passage of the 1871 Ku Klux Klan Act, and caused President Grant to declare martial law later that year.¹⁷⁸ In Abbeville County alone, Freedmen’s Bureau records document 77 acts of racial violence against Black people within seven months in 1868—that amounts to a whipping, rape, shooting, or lynching once every three days.

Tennessee

EJI has documented more than 200 incidents of racial violence in Tennessee during Reconstruction, including the 1866 Memphis Massacre and the 1874 lynching of 16 Black men in Trenton, Gibson County. Just weeks after the war’s end, white men attacked and killed 20 Black Union soldiers in Memphis on May 1, 1865, based on doubtful rumors that the Black men were planning to attack white Confederate veterans who had massacred Black soldiers at Fort Pillow during the war.¹⁷⁹

Texas

Lynchings and other violence documented in Texas during the Reconstruction era span more than 45 counties and include a deadly massacre in the Brazos County community of Millican in 1868. That July, after a local Black preacher began organizing Millican’s Black community to defend itself against the growing threat of Klan violence, Klansmen fired on a group of Black people investigating a rumored lynching. Over the next two days, hundreds of white men from neighboring towns terrorized the local Black community and dozens more Black victims were killed. Scholars today estimate 150 Black people were killed but the exact death toll remains unknown.¹⁸⁰

Virginia

In 1869, a mob of white men abducted two Black men named Jacob Berryman and Charles Brown from jail and hanged them without trial.¹⁸¹ EJI has documented more than 120 incidents of Reconstruction-era racial violence in 40 Virginia counties—even more than the number of racial terror lynchings documented in the state between 1877 and 1950.

West Virginia

In 1874, a mob of 20 white men abducted and lynched a Black man named John Taliaferro from jail in Martinsburg, Berkeley County. News of his death was reported under the headline, “A Sample of Southern Justice.”¹⁸²

Wisconsin

In 1861, a young Black man named George Marshall Clark was lynched in Milwaukee after he and another Black man were accused of getting into a drunken fight with three white men who were also intoxicated. After one of the white men died from his injuries, a mob of up to 50 white men seized Mr. Clark from jail and hanged him.¹⁸³Mr. Clark’s companion was later tried, acquitted, and smuggled out of the city to avoid the same fate.¹⁸⁴

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste-related_violence_in_India

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/50-yrs-after-dalits-killing-things-remain-the-same/articleshow/63456541.cms

https://eji.org/report/reconstruction-in-america/the-danger-of-freedom/#chapter-4-intro

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamchedu_massacre

https://www.newsweek.com/2000-lynching-eji-report-reconstructure-1511201

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/16/us/reconstruction-violence-lynchings.html

https://www.google.com/search?q=Mobile+County%2C+Alabama%2C+1865+White+mobs+kill+an+estimated+138+Black+people+over+the+course+of+several+months.&sxsrf=ALiCzsbHYL-Oeg7fGnN2FYogv31yBJZicg%3A1653419746932&ei=4i6NYt7AOMzBkwWc1Lz4Aw&ved=0ahUKEwjeubjF7Pj3AhXM4KQKHRwqDz8Q4dUDCA4&uact=5&oq=Mobile+County%2C+Alabama%2C+1865+White+mobs+kill+an+estimated+138+Black+people+over+the+course+of+several+months.&gs_lcp=Cgdnd3Mtd2l6EAMyBwgjEOoCECcyBwgjEOoCECcyBwgjEOoCECcyBwgjEOoCECcyBwgjEOoCECcyBwgjEOoCECcyBwgjEOoCECcyBwgjEOoCECcyBwgjEOoCECcyBwgjEOoCECdKBAhBGABKBAhGGABQzQ9YzQ9gvDpoAXAAeACAAQCIAQCSAQCYAQCgAQGgAQKwAQrAAQE&sclient=gws-wiz

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States

https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/dalits-are-still-threatened-abused-beaten-killed-for-absurd-reasons-yes-it-s-2018_-348255.html

https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sitting-cross-legged-cost-3-dalits-their-lives-in-tamil-nadu-2620916

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-44517922

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48265387